Renal Failure

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Vesicoureteral Reflux

eMedicine — Overview: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is characterized by the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the kidneys. VUR may be associated with urinary tract infection (UTI), hydronephrosis, and abnormal kidney development (renal dysplasia). ...More…
Uremic Encephalopathy

eMedicine — Overview: Uremia describes the final stage of progressive renal insufficiency and the resultant multiorgan failure. It results from accumulating metabolites of proteins and amino acids and concomitant failure of renal catabolic, metabolic, and ...More…
Transplants, Renal

eMedicine — Overview: Since the first transplantation of a kidney from one human to another in 1954, renal transplantation has evolved from the realm of experimental medicine to the commonplace. It is now the preferred treatment for end-stage renal disease, ...More…
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

eMedicine — Overview: Moschcowitz originally described thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) in 1925, noting the unusual and fatal combination of fever, hemolytic anemia, renal and cardiac failure, and neurologic dysfunction in a 16-year-old female ...More…
More on Rhabdomyolysis

eMedicine — Overview: Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome caused by injury to skeletal muscle and involves leakage of large quantities of intracellular contents into plasma.1 It translates to dissolution of skeletal muscle and is a final pathway of diverse ...More…
Renovascular Hypertension

eMedicine — Overview: Renovascular hypertension (RVHT) denotes the causal relationship between anatomically evident arterial occlusive disease and elevated blood pressure. The coexistence of renal arterial vascular (ie, renovascular) disease and hypertension ...More…
Renal Disease and Pregnancy

eMedicine — Overview: Physiologic changes occurring in pregnancy involve nearly every organ system, and the kidneys are no exception. This article focuses not only on renal diseases that occur in pregnancy but also on how pregnancy affects chronic renal ...More…
Pyelonephritis, Chronic

eMedicine — Overview: Chronic pyelonephritis is renal injury induced by recurrent or persistent renal infection. It occurs almost exclusively in patients with major anatomic anomalies, including urinary tract obstruction, struvite calculi, renal dysplasia, ...More…
Pyelonephritis

eMedicine — Overview: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are relatively common infections in children. Cystitis (lower-tract infection) is characterized by voiding-related symptoms with or without fever and often without other systemic signs. Findings on ...More…
Clinical Decision Making and Management

eMedicine — Overview: Chronic renal failure (CRF), or more appropriately chronic kidney disease (CKD), refers to a decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) caused by a variety of diseases, such as diabetes, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney ...More…
Pericarditis, Uremic

eMedicine — Overview: Richard Bright first described uremic pericarditis 163 years ago. Since that classic description, this common complication of chronic renal failure has evolved from an ominous event heralding the terminal stages of disease to an event ...More…
Perforating Folliculitis

eMedicine — Overview: In classic perforating folliculitis, keratotic follicular papules develop, particularly over extensor surfaces. Microscopically, the disorder is characterized by disruption of the infundibular portion of the follicular wall, with ...More…

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