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  • Sergiusz Jozwiak, MD, PhD,

    eMedicine — Overview: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is the second most common neurocutaneous disease. Tuberous sclerosis complex is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, although the rate of spontaneous mutation is high. Formerly characterized by ...More…

  • Rud Syndrome

    eMedicine — Overview: Rud syndrome, previously considered a rare recessive disorder marked by ichthyosis, hypogonadism, mental retardation, epilepsy, and dwarfism, is now classified as an ichthyosis. The contemporary ichthyosis classification reassigns it as ...More…

  • Eric HW Kossoff, MD,

    eMedicine — Overview: Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic infection of the CNS. Tissue-invading larval forms of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium cause the disease. Historically, neurocysticercosis was endemic to only Latin America, Asia, and ...More…

  • Cysticercosis

    eMedicine — Overview: Cysticercosis, a tissue infection that involves larval cysts of the cestode Taenia solium (the human pork tapeworm), results from the ingestion of food (especially vegetables) and water contaminated with human feces that contain T ...More…

  • Ataxia with Identified Genetic and Biochemical Defects

    eMedicine — Overview: Hereditary genetic and metabolic disorders involve the nervous system at multiple levels, resulting in varied manifestations; common clinical presentations of such disorders in childhood include the following features in combination: ...More…

  • Vagus Nerve Stimulation

    eMedicine — Overview: An estimated 1% of the general population has epilepsy. In close to 30% of these patients, the epilepsy is intractable to medications, and many others have their seizures controlled at the expense of unacceptable adverse effects from ...More…

  • David Neal Franz, MD,

    eMedicine — Overview: In 1880, Bourneville first described the cerebral manifestations of this disorder, applying the term sclerose tubereuse to indicate the superficial resemblance of the lesions to a potato. In 1908 Vogt set forth the triad of intractable ...More…

  • Toxicity, Carbamazepine

    eMedicine — Overview: Carbamazepine (Tegretol) has been used for treatment of trigeminal neuralgias since 1960. Since carbamazepine received approval for use as an antiepileptic agent in the United States in 1974, it became widely used for the management of ...More…

  • Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

    eMedicine — Overview: A seizure is an abnormal paroxysmal discharge of cerebral neurons due to cortical hyperexcitability. The International Classification of Seizures divides seizures into 2 categories: partial seizures (ie, focal or localization-related ...More…

  • Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

    eMedicine — Overview: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) was defined in 1985 by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) as a condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures originating from the medial or lateral temporal lobe. The seizures ...More…

  • Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy

    eMedicine — Overview: Patients with epilepsy have a mortality rate 2-3 times that of the general population. Epilepsy-related causes of death in this population account for 40% of the deaths and include the following: Death due to the underlying ... Patients ...More…

  • Marcio Sotero de Menezes, MD,

    eMedicine — Overview: Status epilepticus (SE) is defined as seizure activity that lasts more than 30 minutes, constituting a neurological emergency. Seizure activity may be continuous or intermittent without the patient recovering consciousness. Most of the ...More…


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