Diabetes Mellitus - Type 2

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Somogyi Phenomenon

eMedicine — Overview: In the 1930s, Somogyi speculated that hypoglycemia induced by insulin could cause a counterregulatory hormone response that produces hyperglycemia. (See image below and Image 1.) Unappreciated nocturnal hypoglycemia could lead to ...More…
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

eMedicine — Overview: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is one of two serious metabolic derangements that occurs in patients with diabetes mellitus and can be a life-threatening emergency. The condition is characterized by hyperglycemia, ...More…
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism

eMedicine — Overview: BackgroundDisorders of carbohydrate metabolism occur in many forms. The most common disorders are acquired. Acquired or secondary derangements in carbohydrate metabolism, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, and ...More…
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - A Review

eMedicine — The 2 basic types of diabetes mellitus are type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is reviewed more fully in a separate eMedicine article (see Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - A Review). Type 2 diabetes mellitus was once called adult-onset ...More…
Retinopathy, Diabetic, Background

eMedicine — The variety of hematologic abnormalities seen in diabetes, such as increased erythrocyte aggregation, decreased RBC deformability, increased platelet aggregation, and adhesion, predispose to sluggish circulation, endothelial damage, and focal ...More…
Perioperative Management of the Diabetic Patient

eMedicine — Overview: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an increasingly common medical condition affecting approximately 7% of the population of the United States. Of these 20 million people, it is estimated that nearly one third are unaware that they have the ...More…
Insulinoma

eMedicine — Overview: Insulinomas are the most common cause of hypoglycemia resulting from endogenous hyperinsulinism.In a large single-center series of 125 patients with neuroendocrine tumors, insulinomas constituted the majority of cases (55%), followed by ...More…
Robert P Hoffman, MD,

eMedicine — Overview: Hypoglycemia may be considered a biochemical symptom, indicating the presence of an underlying cause. Because glucose is the fundamental energy currency of the cell, disorders that affect its availability or its use can cause ...More…
Diabetic Foot Infections

eMedicine — Overview: Foot infections are the most common problems in persons with diabetes. These individuals are predisposed to foot infections because of a compromised vascular supply secondary to diabetes. Local trauma and/or pressure (often in ...More…
Diabetic Nephropathy

eMedicine — Overview: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder of multiple causes characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disorders of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Results from defects in insulin secretion (type 1), insulin action (type 2), or ...More…
Metabolic Neuropathy

eMedicine — Overview: The term metabolic neuropathy includes a wide spectrum of peripheral nerve disorders associated with systemic diseases of metabolic origin. These diseases include diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, uremia, hypothyroidism, hepatic failure, ...More…
Lipodystrophy, Generalized

eMedicine — Overview: Millions of Americans have obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity is characterized by increased body adiposity and leads to insulin resistance. Paradoxically, some conditions characterized by a paucity of fat also cause insulin ...More…

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